Critical Analysis of a theme in The pursuit of Happyness Essay Example

Critical Analysis of a theme in The pursuit of Happyness Paper The Pursuit of Happyness was a commercially successful film whose main appeal is its ‘feel-good’ ending. It treads the much worn path of the rags-to-riches narrative, albeit with some variations in plot, characterization and context. This paper would argue that despite the commercial success of the film, it fails as a social instrument. In other words, if the purpose of cinema is not merely to entertain but also to educate, the Pursuit of Happyness fails on the latter count. The main criticism is toward its core message that among the thousands of honest aspirants for the American Dream only a few lucky ones make through. The final shot of the film is not merely the triumph of its protagonist, but equally the defeat of multitudes of his brethren. The defeated cannot said to have all been less industrious than our hero. Luck plays a major role in deciding who succeeds. One also needs to question the kind of culture in which the odds are so stacked that only one in a thousand makes it big in life. If the purpose of the film is to celebrate the glamour of the American Dream, then it fails substantially in meeting this objective. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis of a theme in The pursuit of Happyness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis of a theme in The pursuit of Happyness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis of a theme in The pursuit of Happyness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A disappointing feature of the film is its predictable plotline. The much treaded rags to riches story genre is tried yet again in the Pursuit of Happyness. Almost from the moment that the homeless hero is introduced one has a sense of predictability of what awaits him. The already encumbered hero will be subject to further distress, before he emerges triumphant as a result of industry or ingenuity. In Chris Gardner we have all apt qualities of the disadvantaged hero – black, impoverished, married and professionally uncertain. His wife’s estrangement from him due to his financial failures adds to the melodrama. It can be claimed that director Gabrielle Muccino had gone a little overboard in creating sympathy for his lead characters. It would have served the film well had the focus been more on crisp screenplay and editing. The ‘feel-good’ focus on the film distorts a bitter actuality of American society. The story is based on the real life of Chris Gardner, who struggled through poverty and went on to become a successful businessman – he founded and managed his own brokerage firm in the 1990s. But the verity of Chris Gardner’s story does not exclude the stark reality of homelessness in America. While Gardner was fortunate enough to escape poverty, millions of Americans are yet homeless. There are several moments in the film that are touchy. It is as if director Gabrielle Muccino is playing up to audience’s emotions by circumventing their critical thought. The father-son relationship is both its strength and drawback. While there are genuine moments of love and sacrifice incurred by Chris and Christopher Gardner, they don’t counteract the major deficiencies in the film. For example, one of the turning points in the fortunes of the hero is when an influential person from the business world happens to see him solving a hand-held puzzle. This freak coincidence would prove to be pivotal for the hero to breakthrough into the corporate world. But what is the message being delivered by such a narrative. Is not the director telling us that luck plays a major part for success in life? If so, how do we the audience compute this information. It seems that determinism is the dominant philosophical theme in the film, which mutes the roles of free-will and en terprise. On balance, not all aspects of The Pursuit of Happyness are lacking in merit. For one, the film highlights a pressing social problem in America – homelessness. Despite being the richest country in the world, the number of citizens who don’t have a home is depressingly high. Seen in this light, the film is an invocation for policymakers and social activists to make a change. There are more sociological perspectives at play here – especially that of race. Both the real life Chris Gardner and his celluloid imitator are both black Americans. It is a well acknowledged fact that racial and ethnic minorities bear the brunt of poverty and discrimination in the country. The director should be credited for implicitly projecting this chronic social issue. But at the same time, the deterministic or destiny-ridden narrative does a disservice to minorities. The latter would want to believe that they can change their fortunes through their own constructive actions and no t through a government dole or society’s charity. In conclusion, The Pursuit of Happyness has more demerits than merits. Taken purely as a product for entertainment it works very well. But in terms of the social message the film emits, there is much left to be desired. Although the film is based on a real life story, it is a selected story and not a representative one. Such exceptional stories as that of Chris Gardner create the illusion that the American Dream is within the grasp of all. But, unfortunately, such is not the truth.

Free Essays on Men In Education

We are two male pre-service teachers attending college at Southwestern University. Throughout our education we have noticed a lack of male teachers in the classroom. It has become evident through readings in our pre-service classes that the lack of male educators is more prevalent now than ever. A common hypothesis for the lack of male teachers that has been prominent in our readings is due to the stereotyped gender roles of teaching. We believe that the stereotyped roles in society play a larger factor in the shortage of male teachers. To assist our hypothesis we will first look at the role of the teacher. The roles of teachers in modern schools have become more complex due to the changing society. Not only are teachers expected but they are also expected to instruct their students about other cultures, how to behave, and now they are even expected to be parental figures for their students. For these reasons, much more is expected from educators, especially male, than in the past. The perceived stereotyped roles of each sex have also evolved. Men usually consider themselves a role model for their students more so than their female colleges while women usually consider the teaching and the education there first and foremost duty (Rodriguez p.4). The need for male models in schools seemed to be self-evident for many teachers; ‘children at the age of puberty would definetly need a father figure, and many of them’, said a female teacher in an interview. Some of the teachers mentioned that it is especially boys of single mothers who need a male model at school, while others talked more generally about children or young people. Some of them seemed to remember girls after having first mentioned boys (Lahelma et al, forthcoming,a). This is due to the fact that most children coming from single parent homes live without their father. Therefore the male teacher is placed into a parental role, especially at the lower grade levels. ... Free Essays on Men In Education Free Essays on Men In Education We are two male pre-service teachers attending college at Southwestern University. Throughout our education we have noticed a lack of male teachers in the classroom. It has become evident through readings in our pre-service classes that the lack of male educators is more prevalent now than ever. A common hypothesis for the lack of male teachers that has been prominent in our readings is due to the stereotyped gender roles of teaching. We believe that the stereotyped roles in society play a larger factor in the shortage of male teachers. To assist our hypothesis we will first look at the role of the teacher. The roles of teachers in modern schools have become more complex due to the changing society. Not only are teachers expected but they are also expected to instruct their students about other cultures, how to behave, and now they are even expected to be parental figures for their students. For these reasons, much more is expected from educators, especially male, than in the past. The perceived stereotyped roles of each sex have also evolved. Men usually consider themselves a role model for their students more so than their female colleges while women usually consider the teaching and the education there first and foremost duty (Rodriguez p.4). The need for male models in schools seemed to be self-evident for many teachers; ‘children at the age of puberty would definetly need a father figure, and many of them’, said a female teacher in an interview. Some of the teachers mentioned that it is especially boys of single mothers who need a male model at school, while others talked more generally about children or young people. Some of them seemed to remember girls after having first mentioned boys (Lahelma et al, forthcoming,a). This is due to the fact that most children coming from single parent homes live without their father. Therefore the male teacher is placed into a parental role, especially at the lower grade levels. ...

Compare the ideas of Carl Sauer in his specific idelogical view Essay

Compare the ideas of Carl Sauer in his specific idelogical view Thinking Geographically Space theory and contemporary human geography Hubbard Kitchin et al to - Essay Example Thus, Sauer helped to establish many of the academic structures of present day geographical studies as well as link the importance of all of these studies in an effort to achieve better understanding among students in sharp contrast from the rather unschooled, strictly physical approaches to the science that had gone before him. In bringing forth these ideas, Sauer differed greatly from his predecessors, such as David Livingstone, who explored geography on a purely physical plain. Livingstone conducted his explorations during what is considered the new imperial age of exploration in which was seen great expansion of territories and ideas. In his world, the goals of exploration were quite different from the academic pursuits for understanding of Sauer’s time, serving to validate European held beliefs that expounded the idea of an organized universe and serving to claim new lands for God and crown. Based on their ideas of universal hierarchy, which was further supported by the ideas of Social Darwinism, it was believed the cultures of Europe had seen much higher advancement than those of Africa. Rather than seeking to learn about the cultures and people they came across, Livingstone and others sought instead to convert them, saving their souls and teaching them the ‘right’ way to live, the reby losing much of the advantages to interaction, in terms of information regarding the physical landscape as well as a means of learning about their ancient stories and cultures. Modern geographers such as Harry Kitchen, on the other hand, have taken to segregating their studies into various fields such as economics and physical geography, but yet have continued to draw out the linkages between these fields. In writing about the geography of Canada, Kitchen is careful to enumerate the physical geography of the provinces as well as the economic challenges this

Business Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Analysis - Essay Example The business will use direct and indirect distribution channels. Direct distribution will distribute to specific clients using online selling and telemarketing to consumers, whereas, on the indirect distribution channels, the products will be distributed through retailers and stores to consumers (MAGAZINE, 2012). To ensure that the business penetrates the market, the business will often undertake promotions such as advertisements and sales promotions to inform and remind clients on the fashion trends and the ultimate goods to new and older customers. The business will provide our broad range of customers with fashionable and quality products and by giving opportunities that will help the business increase its sales volume. To ensure that they the business gains a competitive advantage over other clothing lines, the business has to develop a management that will push the business forward to achieving a high range market. The business will also build trust with the customers and make them understand that the clothing products the business offer are reliable for the growing market thus hoping to build on the strengths and to overcome the weaknesses encountered during the business operations (MAGAZINE, 2012). The fashion industry is a drastically changing one, where trends comes and go, therefore, for a business to succeed in the clothing line industry, one must understand the customers and their tastes and preferences. One must possess the ability to predict the fashion trends before they hit the market, also be creative and flexible in all activities of the business. Therefore, one has to develop working functions of the business, to ensure they capture all the activities of the business that will secure its success. Some of the main business functions are found in the different business process developed for daily business operation (BROWN, 2008, p. 53-56). First, the

Health Care Career Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Care Career Report - Essay Example In terms of rationale, it can be affirmed that the aforesaid careers have been taken into concern for comparison. It is done in order to obtain an in-depth understanding about the scope of such careers in the future and attain the predetermined objectives of ‘Healthy people 2020. The academic preparation, certifications and credentialing of the career of nutritionists, as well as dietitians, are primarily based on the completion of the program relating to dietetic techniques. The program is approved by, an ascribed education institution (Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2014). In contrast, the academic preparation, certifications and credentialing of epidemiologists as a career can be ascertained as the completion of certain certificate programs. Such programs are like ‘Fellow of the College of Applied Epidemiology (FCAE) and ‘Member of the College of Applied Epidemiology (MCAE) among others (ieph inc., 2004). Finally, the academic preparation, certifications and credentialing of the career of counsellors is identified to be based on the completion of graduation programs. Such programs are particularly related with counselling about health-related subject matters (Trustees of the California State University, 2014). The sites of potential employment of the above discussed three careers can be found to be quite similar. In this regard, the sites may fundamentally include government registered clinical institutions and private nursing homes among others. However, the salary range differs amid these three careers. Notably, on average, health educators earn a salary of $58,553 per year (Salary.com, 2014). Compared to that of nutritionists and dietitians, epidemiologists and counsellors who earn averagely $40,807 (US PayScale, 2014), $65,270 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012), and $43,000 (Indeed, 2014), respectively. In terms of importance of community health, the career of Nutritionist as well as dietitians tends to

Analyse Additional Elements of the Extended Marketing Mix

Analyse Additional Elements of the Extended Marketing Mix This essay looks at the main elements of both the original and the extended marketing mix. This includes an introduction to the concept of the product life cycle, new product development, pricing strategies, distribution options and the promotion mix. Finally, the essay develops marketing mixes for Coca Cola to meet the needs of different target groups. Explain how products are developed to sustain competitive advantage. Sustainable competitive advantage is the focal point of a corporate strategy (E-Course, 2013). It allows the preservation and improvement of an organisational competitive position in the market. It is an advantage that allows business to stay alive against its competition. A competitive advantage is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value, either by means of lower prices or by providing greater benefits and service that justifies higher prices (Teacher Republic, 2013). See Coca Cola Companys competitors and positioning in (Appendix1) See Porters competitive advantage and cost advantage in (Appendix 2). When a company brings a new product into a market they must think about who is the product aimed at, what advantage will customers expect, how does the company plan to position the product inside the market and what benefit will the product proffer over their competitors. According to Kotler product have three levels, core product, actual Product and augmented product, see Coca Cola product levels in (Appendix 3) Product life cycle is the course of a products sales and profiles over its lifetime. It involves five distinct stages: product development, introduction, growth, maturity and decline (Kotler, et al, 2005). When companies introduce new product, it takes some time to be extensively accepted, at which point its sales and incomes will begin to rise. This will attract other competitors into the market, cause the market to mature. Finally, the market will decline as companies start to introduce the next product, and customers switch to that product. See Coca Cola product life cycle in (Appendix 4) Coca Cola Company provides different type soft drinks like Coke Zero, Diet Coke, Fanta etc. There good image makes the organisation more strong. Coca Cola is providing good taste, quality products with qualified staff, good atmosphere and hygienic environment. They are specialised in soft and fizzy drinks. Coca Cola have created good image in customers mind, their image is reputable and reliable, and it has one of the most well-liked soft drinks available. They have well-known which is why customers feel comfortable in buying Coca Cola products. Coca Cola can market too many different segments. Coca Cola can market their product to teenagers much easier than older people, because teenagers are their target market. See Coca Colas mission statement in (Appendix 5). Explain how distribution is arranged to provide customer convenience. Distribution in marketing acts importantly to attract customers convenience and organisations use method of distribution to see their ability. Two types of channel of distribution methods are available. Indirect distribution involves distributing product by the use of an intermediary. Direct distribution involves distributing direct from a manufacturer to the consumer (Kotler, et al, 2005). Distribution is underneath the group of place, therefore organisations create a precise distribution method so that its readily available to the customers and it can improve possible sales for an organisation. See Coca Cola distribution channels in (Appendix 6). The Coca Cola Company sell its products with bottling and canning operations. The distributors get to the Coca Cola to the wholesalers and the wholesalers get it to retailers and at final the customers buy Coca Cola from retailer shop. If Coca Cola does not work on its distribution services then their bottles are just reachable at their factories then customers may not be keen to get them. Its more appropriate for the customer to buy Coca Cola from a close seller as compared to getting it from factory. Therefore distribution system of an organisation can be both its weakness and strength. Companies should know that their products are available at retailer shops and stores where customers can easily buy it. Explain how prices are set to reflect an organisations objectives and market conditions. One of the parts in the marketing mix is pricing. This part of the 4Ps are the one making returns and which is also why it is important that an organisation chooses the right price. Pricing is one of the most significant parts of the Coca Cola Company marketing mix, which makes revenue for them. Coca Cola use different types of pricing strategies. The pricing strategies are standing much on what aims the company has put itself to achieve. See (Appendix 7). Owing to the accessibility of wide variety products the pricing is complete according to the market and geographic segment. Each sub-brand of coca cola has different pricing strategy. Their pricing strategy is base on the competitors pricing, Pepsi is one of their competitor in soft drink industry. The Coca-Cola Company choose their pricing objective they believe will be most effective in dispensing their brand to customer, to do this Coca-Cola use market-skimming pricing. Coca Cola Company use marketing-skimming as there is a enough number of purchasers that have a high demand, also Coca Cola sets an primary high price and then lower the price to make the product available to a extensive market. Coca Cola Company use penetration pricing strategy as they want to hold maximum share of the market by maximum profit. Coca Cola use discount pricing, where their products prices are often become down during sale periods and special occasions, like Christmas, Easter etc. Also Coca Cola use competitor pricing, where to meet the competition pricing, their products pricing are set about the same level as it competitors. Illustrate how promotional activity is integrated to achieve marketing objectives. Promotion being an element of marketing mix consists of communication among the customer and seller of that product (Kotler, et al, 2005). Promotional activities are important element because, these activities are performed in order to inform customers about the product and it includes personal selling, adverting, public relations, sales promotion, direct marketing etc. An advertisement, for instance helps a buyer to get to know about the company and it is products, this can be done by bill boards, banners or posters. The benefit of advertisement is that it informs people about different products and services, their utilities, cost and other requirements. The disadvantage is cost because advertising is more expansive. In personal selling companies use their staffs to sell their product after face-to-face communication with the customer and seller efforts to convince a customer to purchase the product. Personal selling is one of the ways to keep good customers relationships, but this method is expensive. Sales promotion is short term incentives to encourage purchase or sales of a product or service (Kotler, et al, 2005). Here are some examples of sales promotions activities and it includes buy-one-get-one-free, bonus points, free gift cards, vouchers and coupons, competitions and prize draws, etc. The advantage is that sales promotion can help companies to provide right information to customers, also it encourage repeat purchases and customer loyalty, but the advantages are that it increase price sensitivity and it is generally for a short duration Public relations play an important role in promotion. It can be used to create a good image of the company for example magazines, TV or radio etc. PR is inexpensiveness of the cost, but it is hard to predict about the responses and it increase the risk. Direct marketing is where a company selling their products directly to people such as fliers or street advertising. It allows targeting specific customer and it can be measureable, but it is difficult to get it is direct impact and it can be quite expansive. Coca Cola use different methods of advertisement and the company spends a significant amount of money in order to be seen on billboards, radio, magazines, television, and on the internet. The Coca cola Company uses advertising as its key source of increasing buyer consciousness. It mostly uses the television; this source allows the companys products to attract more customers. Coca Cola uses the radio as another method of advertisement and this is a cheaper then TV. They use personal selling, where the company train their sales staffs, which they preform as a representative of the company to the shops. Newspapers and magazines are other forms of advertising that is extensively used by Coca Cola. Moreover, Posters, signs and billboards are also broadly used as an important part of the Coca Cola promotion. Coca Cola billboards are normally placed at the city centres and their posters are usually displayed at the shops, public transport and restaurants like McDonalds, KFC, etc. In addition, Internet is another method where different forms of Coca-Cola advertisements are placed. Specially, the brand online advertisement is assumed through the wide use of banners, on-site sponsorships and several other formats of online advertisements. Analyse the additional elements of the extended marketing mix Marketing mix has three additional elements: People, Process and Physical Evidence People are one of the elements of service marketing mix. People define a service. This mentions to the people who are in straight contact with the customer such as staff. One of the important parts in selling a product is the companys staff because most customers rely on a decent service before purchasing a product. For example, the employees in Coca Cola Company have a standard uniform. The companies always focus on friendly and quick service to its customers from their staffs. The process of the product is essential in marketing. This determines the capability of the product to supply the demand of the consumers. The process at Coca Cola Company is transparent and hidden (the whole process is not visible to the customers). Coca Cola has two types of processes which is involves bottling and labelling solutions. The most important stage that Coca Cola consider is control of the company to get products at the agreed time and good quality, and the last step they consider is, the selling of beverage for target customers of distributors. Physical evidence is an important element of marketing mix where customers will base their decisions based on the service which intangible. Companies physical evidence is supported by signs, symbols and artefacts of the business itself. Examples of this would be the signage in Coca Cola which reassures the customer through branding. Plan marketing mixes for two different segments in consumer markets. Coca Cola Company is focusing on target market; when it markets a product it mainly consider on demographic and physiographic segmentations; where demographic segment before it markets it identify the consumer groups in: age, sex, education, race, and occupation, and in physiographic it divides the market into different levels as: lower class, middle class, and upper class to identify their customers. Coca Cola segments different ages. The company focus on whole population in the world, but young generation is the target marketed of the company. Also Coca Cola segments different income levels by packing. For example, customers who have small income, Coca Cola has small returnable glass bottle, for middle people it has small non returnable bottle and for rich and higher income people, the company has Coca Cola tin. Marketing mix for Diet Coke: Coca Cola developed a new product. This product is a diet drink by the name of Diet Coke. They have designed the marketing mix of product which is detail in below: Product: Diet Coke is a very fresh and tasty diet drink. This new and fresh drink is made to provide the consumers with energetic feel with taste as well. Diet Coke is available in different sizes of which start from 330ml 2L bottle. This drink is mainly for the female teenagers from age 16 24. (Get Me Media, 2012) Price: Price of Diet Coke is very reasonable as compared to its major competitors. According to Tesco price its 330ml bottle is for 65p and 2L bottle is for  £1.98. Place: placement has an important role to play in the products success and failure. That is why the company makes sure that the Diet Coke is place in such a way in market that its in reach of every customer. They have very strong distribution channel and their product is available on maximum stores in the city. Promotion: For a product of such high standards like Diet Coke it requires good promotional activities. For this purpose the Coca Cola Company have chosen following promotional tools: for advertisement the company have use different types of media like television, newspaper, magazines, internet and radio. Illustrate differences in marketing products and services to businesses rather than consumers There are some characteristics to a service such as: lack of ownership, intangibility and inseparability. Each of these taken into account when marketing a service, see (Appendix 8). A product is something which is tangible where as a service is intangible. A product is much easier than the service because after marketing and selling a product there is something tangible to be seen by the customers for they are satisfaction but in services they cannot because its intangible. Basically, the marketing of product is particularly focused on 4Ps in marketing mix namely product, price, place, and promotion. The Coca Cola Company analyse the major demand of their customers in order to find out a product that can respond the market demand. Firstly, Coca Cola Company focuses on the strength as well as eliminates the vulnerabilities of marketed products in order to improve products to meet customers demand as much as possible. Secondly, they focus on the pricing factor in product marketing because the price must be set to match with the purchasing power of a target group. The Coca Cola know the nature price of selling products. Thirdly, the Coca Cola focus on place because place of product marketing refers to distribution channels to deliver and sell the product to customers. Lastly, they create the promotion on the product in order to persuade customers and motivate the sale in a short term. On the other hand, a service is the action that provide for customers. The service marketing is generally use 7Ps which is extended from 4Ps by adding people, process and physical evidence. It is important for any service industry to employ appropriate staffs or people. Employing and training of staffs have good impact that is why the Coca Cola Company gives training to their staffs because most of customers will judge the quality of their service from staffs. Therefore, Coca Cola employ staffs that have good and interpersonal skills. Conclusion: The essay shows that marketing mix (4Ps and 7Ps) is a very important part of creating marketing strategy, also it is crucial for a company to implement their marketing concept successfully. The Coca Cola Company develops their product or service to meet the customers needs and wants; then they seem into determining how their consumer going to receive the product and they consider direct or indirect channels of distribution. The Coca Cola Company will decide a price for their products that ensures a profit. Finally, they promote their product by using different advertising methods to attract customers.

Plagiarism and Computers :: Cheating Education Essays

Plagiarism and Computers missing works cited What is Plagiarism? Plagiarism is defined in the dictionary as "appropriating as one’s own the writing, ideas, etc. of another". Plagiarism.org goes into more detail when it defines plagiarism as "the improper use, or failure to attribute, another person's writing or ideas (intellectual property). It can be as subtle as the inadvertent neglect to include quotes or references when citing another source or as blatantly unethical as knowingly copying an entire paper verbatim and claiming it as your own work." I believe they make this longer definition on a web page because plagiarism has become a bigger problem since the creation of the Internet. The Internet is a fast easy way to cheat on papers and ideas. It is incredibly simple to download entire term papers for free or for a small fee. Sometimes you don’t have to pay for a complete essay. Sometimes submitting your own essay is all you need to do to gain someone else’s work. Term paper mills have become a popular activity among high school and college students. If you look up forgery-encouraging web pages, it is easy to see that there are many options for getting effortless information and material off of the Internet. What are the Consequences? The consequences of appropriation can be severe. Even on this paper’s guidelines, the punishment for plagiarism is either failing the class or dismissal from the university, depending on the severity of the piracy. In several of my classes, forgery results in failing the work that you plagiarized for. Many teachers do not appropriately check for fraudulence in work. They don’t feel that they have the time for checking each paper individually for copied information. I can understand how this would seem more work than it is worth in most instances, but catching a few plagiarists per class and publicly punishing them would help maintain class integrity. The rest of the class would be forewarned against further cheating. Boston University has filed a lawsuit against a few of the Internet term paper companies. There is no guarantee that the university will win the lawsuit. It is quite a bit like the lawsuit Metallica filed against the piracy of the web program Napster. There was a lot of publicity about Napster because it was a file-sharing program that some artists claimed hurt their album sales. The sharing of music on the Internet paired with the new technology of CD burners can have an impact on the music market because people will burn their own CDs rather than paying the ridiculously high prices for them.

Human history Essay

Human history has undergone various revolutions, political, economic and nationalistic revolutions. Of important consideration too, is the psychological revolution that has made significant advances which helped to unravel the mysteries of human behavior. This encompasses the scientific ability to understand how we behave and why. It is not surprising that various approaches had developed namely: the behavioral, cognitive, cross-cultural, humanistic, psychoanalytic, and psychobiological approaches. Although some would readily view each approach as conflicting, they mainly vary in focus and could be viewed and used as complimenting methods (Carunchio, C. â€Å"The Study of Psychology†). However, for the purpose of this paper, discussion will deal only with the psychoanalytic approach. The psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud had created a huge impact that went beyond the walls of scientific study. Although it has also garnered much criticism, it is still considered as one of the major contributors in the field of understanding human behavior and opened new ways of treating psychological problems (psychosomatic illnesses) which were remotely understood by previous physicians. According to this perspective, behavior is the byproduct of instinctual and unconscious forces. The mind is a battleground where these conflicting psychic forces struggle for supremacy and our behavior often represents a compromise between these forces (â€Å"Major Themes and Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory†). Major Assumptions Include: A. Man’s behavior is fueled by a psychic energy which always looks for an outlet to be expressed. Common psychological occupation which involve feelings and thought processes is presumed to be triggered by the libido/sexual and death instincts. It believes that human behavior (normal or abnormal) is shaped and influenced by these inner forces of which man is unaware, being repressed into the unconscious depths of the mind, since early expressions continually receive punishment. Hidden in the recesses of the mind, it becomes the very source of energy which continually strives for release. B. Topography of the psyche: unconscious, pre-conscious, and conscious The mind is represented through the famous ‘iceberg’ metaphor. The unconscious is represented at the baseline of an iceberg, hidden and comprising the largest part. At the middle is the pre-conscious. It flashes some of the hidden part of the unconscious to consciousness, just as a real iceberg is partly ‘seen’ and partly submerged. Topmost, and also the smallest part, corresponds consciousness — illustrating the little amount of human experiences that man is aware of. Painful and unacceptable information, of which the conscious part is unable to bear, is pushed down to the unconscious. C. Structure of Mind: Id, Ego and Superego It has a corresponding mental structure: the Id, Ego and Superego. Behavior is either motivated by any of the dynamics of these structures. Irrational behavior is influenced by the Id; rational actions by the Ego, while moral measures by the Superego. D. Means of Resolving Psychic Conflicts Shape a Person’s Personality A person’s trait is determined by how a person resolves these internal struggles. Onset of shaping starts from early childhood experiences. Unresolved stages would cause a person to be ‘stuck’ at a certain psychosexual stage (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital). A person for example, fixated at the oral stage, will either exhibit to flip from one extreme of over-dependence or being highly independent (â€Å"Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development†). E. Psychic Determinism It assumes that nothing is accidental. Forgetting or remember something, ‘slips of the tongue’, or content of dreams are seen as influenced by hidden causes (in the unconscious) which are only looking for expressions. The goal of psychoanalysis is in reliving events or probing into hidden causes in order that conflicts will be resolved in the consciousness. F. Defense Mechanisms An integral part of maintaining human functioning includes defense mechanisms. Unpleasant thoughts or events which prove too painful for the conscious to tolerate are rerouted to the unconscious by means of defense mechanisms. G. Objective of Therapy is to Help Resolve Psychological Problems Through Probing into the Unconscious The goal of therapy is to help a person resolve unconscious conflicts. These hidden conflicts are brought to the fore by means of free association, wherein a person says whatever came to mind and to let one association lead freely to another, regardless of whether it is logical or irrational. It also uses hypnosis to achieve its objective (R. Smith, I. Sarason, and B. Sarason. â€Å"Psychodynamic Perspective: The Forces Within†). References: 1. Carunchio, Clotilde. â€Å"The Study of Psychology†.PowerPoint presentation taken from http://www. unich. it/facolta/psicologia/matdid0607/carunchio/thestydyofpsychology. pdf 2. â€Å"Major Themes and Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory†. http://www. wilderdom. com/personality/L8-1MajorThemesAssumptionsPsychoanalytic. html. 3. â€Å"Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development: Oral, anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital†. http://www. wilderdom. com/personality/L8-5FreudPsychosexualStagesDevelopment. html 4. Smith, R. , Irwin and Barbara Sarason. â€Å"Psychodynamic Perspective: The Forces Within†. Psychology: Frontiers of Behavior. Harper and Row, Inc. 1986.

Psychological research is often conducted in Essays

Psychological research is often conducted in Essays Psychological research is often conducted in Essay Psychological research is often conducted in Essay a ) Piliavin, Rodin A ; Piliavin ( 1969 ) carried out their survey into good samaritanism on the belowground train system in New York. The trains chosen were those going to the Bronx through Harlem. They were peculiarly chosen as the train travelled, without halting, for 7.5 proceedingss and the research workers could traverse to the other station and travel back along the same portion of the path. The residents of the train, the unintentional participants in the survey, were described as 45 % black and 55 % white. The seats in the metro auto were in such an agreement that people were seated in 2, every bit good as standing, environing the topographic point where the experiment took topographic point. The experiment consisted of a individual fall ining in forepart of the travelers and was intended to prove whether they offered any aid under some varying fortunes. The individual who collapsed was varied to see what difference it made to the assisting. Three of the victims were white and one was black, one pretended to be intoxicated and one carried a cane. Another fluctuation was at what point a model rider, besides a Confederate, came to the assistance of the victim , and where he was stood in the train beforehand. All the tests of the experiment were carried out between 11am and 3pm on a figure of weekdays between April and June in 1968. B ) When the research workers compared their consequences to old findings they discovered a high degree of samaritanism. This was true peculiarly for the status in which the victim held a cane he was helped on 62 out of 65 tests before the model rider had a opportunity to step in. The sum of people who helped the seemingly intoxicated victim was lower, but still significant, at 19 out of 38 tests. In add-on, it took much longer for the rummy to be helped than the adult male with the cane. In 60 % of the tests run in the experiment in which the victim received aid, it really came from more than one individual. The research workers besides recorded the features of the individual who came to assist. In 90 % of the tests the assistants were work forces, while merely 60 % of the people near the victim were male. In the race factor, there was little prejudice towards the victim being helped by the same race, although this was a little consequence. This same race consequence became larger when the victim was rummy. The research workers did non happen support for the thought of the diffusion of duty that had been proposed in old research. This states that the more bystanders present, the less likely it is they will expose assisting behaviors. degree Celsius ) One of the most of import advantages for this survey was in its ecological cogency. Previous surveies that had attempted to analyze the rule of diffusion of duty were based on surveies carried out in the research lab. The writers of this survey argue that the puting they have used is much more true to life. A individual falling ailment on the resistance is rather a plausible state of affairs and, every bit far as the participants are concerned, it is a existent event go oning in forepart of them. This is an of import point, because if participants are cognizant that they are involved in an experiment so they may alter their behavior, which will do the consequences less valid. The survey was carried out in a public topographic point and so it included approximately 4,450 participants the people on the trains at that clip. This big sample size means that it is easer to be confident in generalizing the findings in this survey to the overall population. The same factor that is the experiment s chief advantage can besides be seen as its greatest disadvantage. None of the participants in this survey were asked if they would wish to be involved and were, in fact, being deceived that there was a existent exigency taking topographic point. Besides, none of the participants were debriefed after the experiment was over and they may hold been upset by what had happened. These factors are all jobs that make this kind of experiment unethical to transport out. A 2nd disadvantage of this survey is more general to those carried out in the field. It can be much harder to command the environment outside the research lab. This means that it can be hard to acquire rid of all the confusing factors. For illustration it is possible in this experiment, as it was repeated at the same clip of twenty-four hours, that some participants saw the victim prostration on more than one juncture. By and large talking, existent life is ever traveling to be more unpredictable than the research lab scene. vitamin D ) An alternate manner of garnering informations for this survey would be to transport out the experiment in a different location, but still in the field. One unfavorable judgment of Piliavin s survey was that because the participants in the experiment were in close propinquity to the victim and could non get away, the diffusion of duty consequence was non seen. Besides the implemented propinquity may hold encouraged the assisting consequence. One option, so, might be to transport out this experiment on a busy street where people can easy acquire off from the victim . The consequences of this experiment carried out in the street would, possibly, show a lower degree of assisting behaviors. This is because the passerbies are non forced to interact with the victim and can easy look away or cross to the other side of the street. Besides, the diffusion of duty consequence might be seen in this state of affairs. This may be because if people are less likely to assist so there is more opportunity for it to go on. On the belowground train people tended to assist rather rapidly and so it was more hard to see this diffusion. It could be argued, nevertheless, that the disadvantage of the new location is that it is even harder to command than an belowground train. It is much more hard to mensurate who has seen the victim, unlike in the train where about everyone can be assumed to hold seen them. On a street there are many other factors that could come into consequence as it is an unfastened environment. The belowground train is enclosed and so likely to be more controlled. In an unfastened street environment it would besides be more hard to maintain a count of the figure of passerby. Mentions Piliavin, I. M. , Rodin, J. , Piliavin, J. A. ( 1969 ) . Good samaritanism: An resistance phenomenon? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15 ( 4 ) , 289-299.

Wolfs essays

Wolfs essays The reintroduction a species into a new territory is always controversial. The restoration of wolves into Yellowstone Park and Idaho is no exception. Although the wildlife conservationists fought to save wolves, n the other hand ranchers revolted wolves, killing them every chance they got. The restoration of wolves in Yellowstone Park actually began in the foothills of the Canadian Rockies of in central Alberta. The team consisted of three scientists in a helicopter, the pilot, one biologist serving as spotter, and a second biologist who darted the wolves with a tranquilizer gun. The darter had to wear a jumpsuit and a nylon harness around the waist to support him when he leaned out of the helicopter to get the best shot possible. As the pilot maneuvered through the trees the spotter would spot the wolves then they would try to run the wolves down a path to a clear-cut were the darter could get a shot within fifty feet. The tranquilized wolves were then loaded them into the helicopter. The wolves were taken to Switzer Provincial Park, near Hinton Alberta, and veterinarians there would closely inspect the wolves for injuries and treat the dart wounds. Biologists examined them closely to determine their age, sex, size, and reproductive ability. When the wolves wo ke up they are tranquilized again, placed in small travel kennels, and loaded into a USDA Forest Service transport plane headed for the United States, and there released nearly eight hundred miles south in Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho. In the 1870s people didnt understand biology and the notion that all living things have value. During these times beaver pelts, elk, and wolf hides were worth a great deal to the fur trading companies. In 1885 wolfing was actually carried on as a full time occupation. Every three to four miles the wolfers would kill a buffalo and insert strychnine into the entrails, tongue and flank of the animal. T...

Agency,innkeepers doctrine,and liquor licensing law Case Study

Agency,innkeepers doctrine,and liquor licensing law - Case Study Example (a) Worf (the "third party") cannot enforce the contract against Picard (the "principal") because Riker (the "agent") acted outside its actual authority and against the instructions of the principal. In the given problem, the named principal instructed the agent to negotiate for the wine collection with a limit of $200,000 but the agent contracted, in violation of the named principal's instructions, with the third party in an amount of not less than $220,000 for the wine. If a principal is disclosed and named, and the agent acts out outside its actual or apparent authority, then only the agent is liable to the third party. Hence, Worf cannot enforce the contract against Picard.(b) No, the answer would still be the same even if the agent had not informed the third party of the name of the principal because the agent acted outside its actual authority and against the instructions of the unnamed principal. In the given problem, the unnamed principal instructed the agent to negotiate for the wine collection with a limit of $200,000 but the agent contracted, in violation of the unnamed principal's instructions, with the third party in an amount of not less than $220,000 for the wine. If a principal exists but the name of the principal is not disclosed, and the agent acts out outside its actual or apparent authority, then only the agent is liable to the third party. Hence, Worf cannot enforce the contract against Picard.(c)... In the given problem, the principal instructed the agent to negotiate for the wine collection with a limit of $200,000 but the agent contracted, in violation of the named principal's instructions, with the third party in an amount of not less than $220,000 for the wine. Specifically, the principal in the given problem has the following causes of action: (1) for rescission of the agency agreement, (2) refusal to pay the agent commission or the flat fee for the agent's services, (3) a claim for damages, (4) a cause of action for the recovery of secret commission (the 'gift' of four cases of rare vintage wine accepted by the agent), and (5) criminal charges for accepting a secret commission in the form of a 'gift' of four cases of rare vintage wine. Picard, therefore, has several causes of action against Riker. (e) Should the principal in the given problem voluntarily chose to accept the agreement concluded by his agent and the third party, Picard will be deemed to have ratified the acts of his agent. Under the legal principle of ratification, where an agent enters into a contract without any authority, the principal can ratify the action; or where an agent enters into a contract for an existing principal and in so doing exceeds its authority, the principal can ratify the action. The principal's ratification of the agents acts, however, are subject to the following conditions for a valid ratification: (1) when contracting, the agent must be clearly acting as an agent, not personally, and the third party must be aware that they are acting as an agent; (2) the principal must exist when the agent contracts; (3) the principal must have the capacity to contract for the object of the

The Rocking-Horse Winner VS. Janus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Rocking-Horse Winner VS. Janus - Essay Example The lady portrayed in the story by Lawrence is Paul’s mother â€Å"Hester,† who finds her marriage to be unlucky as she is unable to cope up with the poor financial situation of her married life. She even feels that her children are a burden for her. The story opens with the line â€Å"woman who was beautiful, who started with all the advantages, yet she had no luck† (Lawrence). Hester is blessed with three children and her son Paul is shown as a strange character who after receiving the rocking horse gets a strange power, which helps him to predict the horse race winners correctly. He makes a good amount of money out of this and tries to help his mother so that she can pay off the debts. Instead of clearing the debts, she squanders the money for their stylish living. This shows that the lady has a sick desire for money. The story ends with the tragic death of Paul after falling from the horse. In Ann Beatties’s â€Å"Janus,† the protagonist’ s name is Andrea, and she is a successful real estate agent who believes in her lucky bowl. When she gets a buyer for the house, â€Å"she places the bowl in the house that was up for sale† (Beattie 595). This indicates that she was a blind believer of her luck, which she thought relied on the bowl. She credits her achievement to the bowl that is often also admired by the buyers. The story starts with the introduction of bowl – â€Å"The Bowl was perfect,† as the author puts it.